People with ID are encouraged to introduce more iron-rich foods into their diets, but patients who also have HF should take extra precautions when modifying their eating habits because some iron-containing foods can also have adverse cardiovascular effects. For e.g., red meat is known to contain high levels of iron, but is also linked to high cholesterol, atherosclerosis, and other cardiovascular complications.
Patients with HF that want to safely introduce more iron-containing foods may consider heme (meat) sources other than red meat such as
chicken and seafood, or nonheme (nonmeat) foods such as green leafy vegetables, dried dates and prunes, or beans and legumes. Even though these foods contain less iron than red meat, they are not associated with negative cardiovascular problems that could complicate or worsen HF. Ingesting vitamin C-containing foods like citrus fruits with meals helps the body absorb both heme and nonheme iron. Dairy, coffee and tea should be consumed between meals, as calcium and polyphenols may inhibit iron absorption.
One important concern for patients with HF when considering a diet modification is their electrolyte level and renal function. Both should be carefully monitored, as diuretics common in HF treatment can affect both. Hypochloremia (low level of chloride in the body) is the result of electrolyte imbalances and is associated with worse outcomes for patients with HF. For this reason, patients must consult their doctor and may work with a nutritionist to develop a diet that considers the entire scope of their health condition.
References:
1. Cui, Kun, et al. “Association between intake of red and processed meat and the risk of heart failure: a meta-analysis.” BMC Public Health.
2. de Oliveira Otto, Marcia C., et al. “Dietary Intakes of Zinc and Heme Iron from Red Meat, but Not from Other Sources, Are Associated with Greater Risk of Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiovascular Disease.” The Journal of Nutrition 142.3 (2012): 526-533.
3.American Red Cross. “Iron Rich Foods.” Available at
https://www.redcrossblood.org/donate-blood/blood-donation-process/before-during-after/iron-blood-donation/iron-rich-foods.html, accessed September 15, 2021.
4. Medicine Net. “Iron and Iron Deficiency Symptoms.” Available at
https://www.medicinenet.com/iron_and_iron_deficiency/article.htm, accessed September 15, 2021.
5. Ter Maaten, Jozine M., et al. “Hypochloremia, diuretic resistance, and outcome in patients with acute heart failure.”
Circulation: Heart Failure 9.8 (2016): e003109.
6. Cuthbert, Joseph J., et al. “Hypochloraemia in Patients with Heart Failure: Causes and Consequences.” Cardiol Ther 9 (2020): 333-347.